-
1 Herr Meier
el señor Meier -
2 Herr
\Herr im Hause sein evde sözü geçmek, evin amiri olmak;er war nicht \Herr der Lage duruma hâkim değildi;\Herr seiner Sinne sein sesine hâkim olmak;sein eigener \Herr sein karışanı görüşeni olmamak;aus aller \Herren Länder dünyanın bütün ülkelerindenAlter \Herr ( fam) peder bey;den großen \Herrn markieren beylik taslamak;„Herren“ erkekler2) ( Anrede) bay;\Herr Meier bay Meier;der \Herr wünschen? beyefendi, arzunuz?, buyrun beyim!;\Herr Ober! garson bey!;meine \Herren! beyler!3) rel;der \Herr Jesus Hazreti İsa -
3 Herr
hɛrmseñor m, caballero m-1-Herr1<-(e)n, -en>1 dig (Mann) señor Maskulin; (beim Tanz) caballero Maskulin; den großen Herren markieren darse aires de gran señor; "Herren" "caballeros"2 dig (Anrede) señor Maskulin; Herr Meier el señor Meier; der Herr wünschen? ¿qué desea el señor?; Herr Ober! ¡camarero!————————-2-Herr2 (in) [hεr]<-(e)n, -en; -nen>; (Gebieter) amo, -a Maskulin, Feminin; (Arbeitgeber) patrón, -ona Maskulin, Feminin; Herr im Hause sein llevar la batuta en casa; er war nicht Herr der Lage no era dueño de la situación; Herr seiner Sinne sein ser dueño de sí mismo; sein eigener Herr sein ser su propio amo; aus aller Herren Länder de todos los paísesmeine Herren! ¡señores! -
4 Sir
nounno sir! — keinesfalls!; von wegen! (ugs.)
2) (in letter)Dear Sirs — Sehr geehrte [Damen und] Herren
Dear Sir or Madam — Sehr geehrte Dame/Sehr geehrter Herr
3)* * *[sə:]1) (a polite form of address (spoken or written) to a man: Excuse me, sir!; He started his letter `Dear Sirs,...'.) (mein) Herr2) (in the United Kingdom, the title of a knight or baronet: Sir Francis Drake.) der Sir* * *[sɜ:ʳ, səʳ, AM sɜ:r, sɚ]n2. (on letters)Dear \Sir [or Dear \Sir or Madam] [or Dear \Sirs] Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren* * *[sɜː(r)]nno, sir — nein(, Herr X); (Mil)
you will apologize, sir! (dated) — dafür werden Sie sich entschuldigen (müssen)
Dear Sir (or Madam),... —
my dear or good sir! (dated) — mein (lieber) Herr! (dated)
2)(= knight etc)
Sir — Sir m* * *1. mein Herr! (respektvolle Anrede, meist unübersetzt):no, sira) nein, mein Herr etc,b) iron nein, mein Lieber!, nichts da, mein Freund!;my dear sir! iron mein Verehrtester!;Sr abk1. Sir Hr.* * *noun1) (formal address) der Herr; (to teacher) Herr Meier/Schmidt usw.no sir! — keinesfalls!; von wegen! (ugs.)
2) (in letter)Dear Sirs — Sehr geehrte [Damen und] Herren
Dear Sir or Madam — Sehr geehrte Dame/Sehr geehrter Herr
3)Sir — (title of knight etc.) Sir
* * *n.Herr -en m. -
5 sir
nounno sir! — keinesfalls!; von wegen! (ugs.)
2) (in letter)Dear Sirs — Sehr geehrte [Damen und] Herren
Dear Sir or Madam — Sehr geehrte Dame/Sehr geehrter Herr
3)* * *[sə:]1) (a polite form of address (spoken or written) to a man: Excuse me, sir!; He started his letter `Dear Sirs,...'.) (mein) Herr2) (in the United Kingdom, the title of a knight or baronet: Sir Francis Drake.) der Sir* * *[sɜ:ʳ, səʳ, AM sɜ:r, sɚ]n2. (on letters)Dear \Sir [or Dear \Sir or Madam] [or Dear \Sirs] Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren* * *[sɜː(r)]nno, sir — nein(, Herr X); (Mil)
you will apologize, sir! (dated) — dafür werden Sie sich entschuldigen (müssen)
Dear Sir (or Madam),... —
my dear or good sir! (dated) — mein (lieber) Herr! (dated)
2)(= knight etc)
Sir — Sir m* * *1. mein Herr! (respektvolle Anrede, meist unübersetzt):no, sira) nein, mein Herr etc,b) iron nein, mein Lieber!, nichts da, mein Freund!;my dear sir! iron mein Verehrtester!;* * *noun1) (formal address) der Herr; (to teacher) Herr Meier/Schmidt usw.no sir! — keinesfalls!; von wegen! (ugs.)
2) (in letter)Dear Sirs — Sehr geehrte [Damen und] Herren
Dear Sir or Madam — Sehr geehrte Dame/Sehr geehrter Herr
3)Sir — (title of knight etc.) Sir
* * *n.Herr -en m. -
6 besetzt
I P.P. besetzenII Adj.1. auch MIL., POL., Gebäude etc.: occupied; Platz: auch taken; Bus etc.: full (up); Stelle, Amt: filled; „besetzt“ an Toilettentür: „occupied“; ist dieser Platz besetzt? is this seat taken?; diese Woche ist bereits jeder Abend besetzt there is already something on (Am. auch scheduled) every evening this week; Herr Meier ist heute besetzt umg. Herr Meier is busy today; besetzt halten (Gebäude etc.) hold, occupy; besetzte Gebiete occupied territories2. TELEF. engaged, bes. Am. busy3. unsere Telefone sind bis 22 Uhr besetzt our telephones will be manned ( oder the lines will be open) until 10 p.m.; ist der Empfang durchgehend besetzt ? is there always someone at the reception desk?5. MUS. das Orchester ist mit fünf Violinen besetzt the orchestra has five violins, there are five violins in the orchestra; das Stück ist mit fünf Violinen besetzt (geschrieben für) the piece is scored for five violins6. mit Edelsteinen etc. besetzt set with jewels etc.; auffällig: jewel-studded etc.; mit Pailletten besetzt sequined; mit Spitzen etc. besetzt trimmed with lace etc.* * *(Land) occupied;(Sitzplatz) taken;(Telefon) engaged; busy* * *be|sẹtzt [bə'zɛtst]adj(= belegt) Telefon, Nummer, Leitung engaged (Brit), busy (esp US); (= in Gebrauch) Spielautomat etc being used, taken, busy; WC occupied, engaged; Abteil, Tisch taken; Hörsaal being used; Gebiet occupied; (= vorgebucht) booked; (voll) Bus, Wagen, Abteil etc full (up); (= anderweitig beschäftigt, verplant) Mensch busyFreitag ist schon besetzt — Friday I'm/he's etc busy, Friday's out
eine international besetzte Jury — an international jury
See:→ auch besetzen* * *2) engaged* * *be·setzt1. (vergeben) taken, occupiedvoll/dicht \besetzt full, crowded, packed [out]ein schlecht \besetztes Theater an empty theatre [or AM -er]ein gut/schlecht \besetzter Film a well-cast/miscast movie2. (belegt)▪ \besetzt sein Telefon, Toilette to be occupied [or BRIT a. engaged] [or AM a. busy]; Terminkalender, Termine to be fully booked-updie Sache ist negativ \besetzt this carries negative connotationsetw \besetzt halten to continue to occupy sth; (bemannt) to continue to man sthein \besetztes Haus a squat* * *es od. die Leitung/die Nummer ist besetzt — the line/number is engaged or (Amer.) busy
* * *B. adj1. auch MIL, POL, Gebäude etc: occupied; Platz: auch taken; Bus etc: full (up); Stelle, Amt: filled;„besetzt“ an Toilettentür: “occupied”;ist dieser Platz besetzt? is this seat taken?;diese Woche ist bereits jeder Abend besetzt there is already something on (US auch scheduled) every evening this week;Herr Meier ist heute besetzt umg Herr Meier is busy today;besetzt halten (Gebäude etc) hold, occupy;besetzte Gebiete occupied territories2. TEL engaged, besonders US busy3.unsere Telefone sind bis 22 Uhr besetzt our telephones will be manned ( oder the lines will be open) until 10 p.m.;ist der Empfang durchgehend besetzt ? is there always someone at the reception desk?4.5. MUSdas Orchester ist mit fünf Violinen besetzt the orchestra has five violins, there are five violins in the orchestra;das Stück ist mit fünf Violinen besetzt (geschrieben für) the piece is scored for five violins6.mit Edelsteinen etcmit Pailletten besetzt sequined;mit Spitzen etcbesetzt trimmed with lace etc* * *es od. die Leitung/die Nummer ist besetzt — the line/number is engaged or (Amer.) busy
* * *adj.busy (telephone)(US) adj.busy adj.engaged (telephone)(UK) adj.occupied adj. -
7 sollen
Modalv.; soll, sollte, hat sollen1. bei Aufgabe, Verpflichtungen etc.: be to, be supposed to; Mutti sagt, du sollst nach Hause kommen mum (Am. mom) says you’re to come home; er soll mich anrufen he’s to ring me up, tell him to ring me up; ich soll erst abwaschen I have to ( oder I should) do the dishes first; sie soll sich schonen she’s (supposed) to take it easy; ich soll dir ausrichten, dass... I’m to tell you that...; ich soll dir schöne Grüße von ihm bestellen he sends his regards, he asked me to give you his regards; du solltest längst im Bett sein you were supposed to be ( oder should have been) in bed long ago; er sollte um zwei hier sein he was supposed to be ( oder should have been) here at two; er sollte Arzt werden he was supposed to become a doctor, the idea was that he should (Am. auch would) become a doctor2. in Fragen: soll ich mitkommen? shall I come too?, do you want me to come?; ich könnte freinehmen - soll ich? umg. I could take time off - shall I? ( oder do you think I should?)3. befehlend: du sollst ihn in Ruhe lassen! leave him alone!; wie oft soll ich dir das noch sagen? how many times do I have to tell you?; du sollst nicht alles anfassen! don’t ( oder you mustn’t) touch everything!; du sollst nicht töten BIBL. thou shalt not kill4. bei Gedanken, Beabsichtigtem: hier soll eine Turnhalle gebaut werden a gymnasium ( oder gym umg.) is to be built here, there are plans to build a gymnasium ( oder gym umg.) here; er soll morgen ankommen he’s due ( oder supposed) to arrive tomorrow; das Buch soll Ihnen dabei helfen the book is designed to help you with this; meine Kinder sollen es einmal besser haben I want my children to be better off (than I was); es soll nicht wieder vorkommen it won’t happen again5. bei unbestätigten Gerüchten etc.: be supposed to, be said to; sie soll sehr reich sein she’s supposed ( oder said) to be very rich, they say she’s very rich; er soll es versteckt haben he’s supposed ( oder said) to have hidden it, they say he’s hidden it; er soll eine Autorität auf dem Gebiet sein auch apparently he’s quite an expert on the subject6. bei einer bestimmten Vorstellung: was soll das sein? what’s that supposed to be?; es sollte ein Geschenk werden it was supposed ( oder meant) to be a present; es sollte ein Witz sein it was meant to be ( oder as) a joke; soll das ein Witz sein? umg., ungehalten: is this some sort of joke?; wozu soll das gut sein? umg. what’s that in aid of?7. bei Anweisung, Drohung, Herausforderung etc.: dann soll er’s ( von mir aus) haben umg. then he shall have it (for all I care); er soll alles haben, was er will he’s to ( oder he shall) have whatever he wants, let him have anything he wants; das soll uns nicht stören we won’t let that bother us; niemand soll sagen, dass... I don’t want it to be said that..., never let it be said that...; der soll nur kommen! umg. just let him come!; soll er es doch versuchen! umg. just let him try!; das sollst du mir büßen! umg. I’ll make you pay for that; das soll dir noch Leid tun you’ll be sorry for this; das soll mir mal einer nachmachen! umg. I’d like to see anyone do better8. im Konjunktiv, bei Ratschlag, Vorwurf etc.: should, ought to; du solltest es mal sehen you should ( oder ought to) see it; du hättest es sehen sollen you should ( oder ought to) have seen it; man hätte es ihm sagen sollen he ought to ( oder should) have been told; das hättest du sagen sollen you should ( oder ought to) have said so ( oder said that); ich hätte es wissen sollen I should have known; du solltest lieber nach Hause gehen I think you’d better ( oder you ought to) go home; sie sagte, ich sollte erst zu Ende studieren she said I should ( oder I ought to, I was to) finish (Am. get) my degree first; so sollte es sein this is how it should ( oder ought to) be; so sollte das Wetter immer sein! the weather should always be like this; warum sollte ich ( auch)? why should I?, I don’t see why I should9. bei Unentschlossenheit: was soll ich tun? what shall ( oder should) I do?; verzweifelt: auch what am I supposed to do?; er wusste nicht, was er machen sollte he didn’t know what to do; sie wussten nicht, ob sie lachen oder weinen sollten they didn’t know whether to laugh or cry; was soll ich sagen? what can I say?; ratlos: what am I (supposed) to say?; ich weiß nicht, was ich dir raten soll I don’t know what to suggest10. bei einer Möglichkeit: falls er kommen sollte if he should come, in case he comes; falls es irgendwelche Probleme geben sollte if there should be ( oder are) any problems; sollte es nicht klappen, dann... if it all goes wrong, (then)...; sollte er es gewesen sein? could it have been him?; man sollte annehmen,... you would think...11. bei Bestimmung, Schicksal: be to; er sollte den Prozess gewinnen he was to win the case; sie sollte eine berühmte Sängerin werden she was (destined) to become a famous singer; es hat nicht sein sollen oder umg. sollen sein it wasn’t meant to be; ein Jahr sollte verstreichen, bis it was to be another year before, a whole year was to pass before; es sollte alles anders kommen things were to turn out quite differently; er wusste nicht, dass er nie wiederkommen sollte he didn’t know that he would never return ( oder that he was never to return)—v/i; soll, sollte, hat gesollt; umg.1. (irgendwohin müssen) be (supposed) to go; wo soll das hin? where’s it supposed to go?, where do you want me etc. to put it?; du sollst sofort zum Chef you are to go to (see) the boss right away2. was soll das? (was bedeutet das?) what’s all this about?; (wozu soll es nützen?) what’s that for?; verärgert: what’s the idea?, what are you playing at?, Am. auch what are you up to?; was soll der Quatsch oder Scheiß? what’s all this nonsense?; was soll ich damit? what am I supposed to do with it?; was soll ich hier? can somebody tell me what I’m supposed to be doing here?; soll er doch! let him; (es ist mir egal) see if I care; was soll’s? so what?, who cares?* * *must; shall; to be due to; to have to; should; ought to* * *sọl|len ['zɔlən]1. HILFSVERBpret so\#llte, ['zɔltə] ptp so\#llen1)Befehl, Verpflichtung, Plan
was soll ich/er tun? — what shall or should I/should he do?kannst du mir helfen? – klar, was soll ich tun? — can you help me? – of course, what shall I do?
soll ich dir mal sagen, wie...? — shall or will I tell you how...?
soll ich (gehen/singen)? – ja, du sollst (gehen/singen) — shall I (go/sing)? – yes, do
du weißt, dass du das nicht tun sollst — you know that you're not supposed to do that
er weiß nicht, was er tun soll — he doesn't know what to do
sie sagte ihm, er solle draußen warten — she told him (that he was) to wait outside
er wurde wütend, weil er draußen warten sollte — he was livid that he had to wait outside
sie sagte mir, was ich tun sollte/was ich alles tun soll — she told me what to do or what I should do/everything I should do
was ich (nicht) alles tun/wissen soll! — the things I'm meant or supposed to do/know!
und da soll man nicht böse werden/nicht lachen! — and then they expect you/me etc not to get cross/not to laugh
niemand soll sagen, dass... — let no-one say that...
ich soll Ihnen sagen, dass... — I've been asked to tell you that...
das Haus soll nächste Woche gestrichen werden —
2)was sollte ich/er deiner Meinung nach tun? — what do you think I/he should do or ought to do?so etwas sollte man nicht tun — one shouldn't do that, one oughtn't to do that (esp Brit)
er hätte (gehen/singen) sollen — he should have (gone/sung)
du solltest lieber etwas früher kommen/zu Hause bleiben — it would be better if you came early/stayed at home
3)sollte das passieren,... — if that should happen..., should that happen...sollte ich unrecht haben, tut es mir leid — I'm sorry if I am wrong
4) Vermutung, Erwartung to be supposed or meant toer soll heute kommen — he should come today, he is supposed or meant to come today
sie soll krank/verheiratet sein — apparently she's ill/married
5)= können, mögen
gut, Sie sollen recht haben! — all right, have it your own way (inf), all right, whatever you sayman sollte glauben, dass... — you would think that...
6)er sollte sie nie wiedersehen — he was never to see her againJahre sollten vergehen, bevor... — years were to pass before...
es sollte nicht lange dauern, bis... — it was not to be long until...
2. INTRANSITIVES VERB pret so\#llte['zɔltə] ptp geso\#llt [gə'zɔlt] (= bewirken, bedeuten in Fragen)was solls! (inf) — what the hell! (inf)
was soll der Quatsch or Mist? (inf) — what's this stupid nonsense? (inf)
3. TRANSITIVES VERB pret so\#llte['zɔltə] ptp geso\#llt [gə'zɔlt]das sollst/solltest du nicht — you shouldn't do that
* * *(used in questions, the answer to which requires a decision: Shall I tell him, or shan't I?; Shall we go now?) shall* * *sol·len[ˈzɔlən]I. AUXILIARVERB1.< sollen>im Präsens (Befehl, Verpflichtung)▪ jd soll etw tun sb is to do sthsie soll am Tag zwei Tabletten einnehmen she's to [or she must] take two pills a dayer soll sofort kommen he is to come immediatelyich soll Ihnen sagen, dass... I am [or I've been asked] to tell you that...ich soll dir schöne Grüße von Richard bestellen Richard asked me to give you his best wishes[sagen Sie ihr,] sie soll hereinkommen tell her to come indu sollst sofort damit aufhören! you're to stop that at once!du sollst das lassen! stop it [or that]!du weißt, dass du das nicht tun sollst! you know that you shouldn't do that!du sollst herkommen, habe ich gesagt! I said [you should] come here!2.< sollen>im Präsens (eigentlich müssen)▪ jd soll etw tun sb is [supposed [or meant]] to do sthich soll morgen einen Bericht abgeben, aber er ist noch nicht fertig I'm supposed to hand in a report tomorrow, but it's not yet finishedwas ich [nicht] alles tun/wissen soll! the things I'm meant [or supposed] to do/know!3.< sollte>in der Vergangenheit (Verpflichtung)▪ jd sollte etw tun sb was [supposed [or meant]] to do sthsie sollte gestern zum Arzt gehen she was [supposed] to go to the doctor yesterdaysolltest du nicht bei ihr anrufen? weren't you supposed to ring her?du solltest ihn gestern anrufen you were meant to phone him yesterdaywie sollte ich das wissen? how was I to know that?er ärgerte sich, weil er draußen warten sollte he was annoyed because he was to wait outside4.<sollte, sollen>im Präsens, Konditional II, in der Vergangenheit (Absicht, Wunsch)so soll[te] es sein that's how it should bedas soll[te] dich nicht stören don't let it bother youdu sollst dein Geld zurückbekommen you shall get your money backdu sollst dich ganz wie zu Hause fühlen! [just] make yourself at home!es soll nicht wieder vorkommen! it won't [or shan't] happen again!niemand soll sagen, dass... let no one say that..., no one shall say that...wozu soll denn das gut sein? what's the good of that?das soll sie erst mal tun! just let her try!mir soll es gleich sein it's all the same to meder soll [mir] nur kommen! just let him come!das sollte ein Witz sein that was meant to be a joke5.< sollen>im Präsens (etw ist geplant)▪ jd/etw soll etw tun sb/sth is to do sthich soll die Stelle übernehmen I am to take over the jobhier soll ein Einkaufszentrum entstehen an arcade is to be built heredas Zimmer soll nächste Woche gestrichen werden the room [is meant] to be painted next week6.< sollen>im Präsens (bei Ratlosigkeit)▪ was soll ich/er tun? what shall [or should] I/he do?, what am I/is he to do?; (was ist geplant a.) what am I/is he meant to do?kannst du mir helfen? — natürlich, was soll ich tun? can you help me? — of course, what shall I do?soll ich dir helfen? shall [or can] I help you?soll ich dir noch etwas Wein nachschenken? shall [or can] I give you some more wine?was \sollen wir machen? what shall we do?was soll ich nur machen? what am I to do?was soll man da machen? what is one to do?, what shall I/we do?was soll nur aus ihm werden? what is to become of him?ich weiß nicht, was ich machen soll I don't know what I should do [or what to do]sie weiß nicht, wie sie das Problem lösen soll she doesn't know how to solve the problemman hat mir gesagt, ich soll Sie fragen I was told to ask you▪ jd sollte etw tun sb should [or ought to] do sthda solltest du mitfahren! you ought to come along!das solltest du unbedingt sehen! you have to see this!, come and look at this!du solltest dich schämen! you should [or ought to] be ashamed [of yourself]so etwas sollte man nicht tun one shouldn't do thatmit deiner Erkältung solltest du besser zu Hause bleiben with your cold you had better stay at homedu solltest lieber etwas früher kommen it would be better if you came earlywas sollte ich deiner Meinung nach tun? what do you think I should [or ought to] do?▪ jd hätte etw tun \sollen sb should have done sthdu hättest dort hingehen \sollen you should have gone theredu hättest sie anrufen \sollen you should have phoned herdu hättest ihr das nicht erzählen \sollen you shouldn't have told her thatdas hättest du sehen \sollen! you should have seen it!das hätte er nicht sagen \sollen he shouldn't have said thatdas hättest du besser nicht tun \sollen it would have been better if you hadn't done thatdas hätte nicht vorkommen \sollen it should not have [or ought not to have] happenedwas hätte ich tun \sollen? what should I [or ought I to] have done?9.< sollte>in der Vergangenheit (schicksalhaft)▪ jd/etw sollte etw sein/tun sb/sth was to be/do sthsie sollten Rom nie erreichen they were never to reach Romees sollte ganz anders kommen things were to turn out quite differentlydieser Schicksalsschlag sollte nicht der letzte sein this stroke of fate was not to be the lastes sollten viele Jahre vergehen, bevor... many years were to pass before...es sollte nicht lange dauern, bis... it was not to be long until...es hat nicht sein \sollen, es hat nicht \sollen sein it was not to bees hat nicht sein \sollen, dass die beiden sich je wiedertreffen the two were destined never to meet again10.< sollen>im Präsens (angeblich)▪ jd/etw soll etw sein/tun sb/sth is supposed to be/do sthsie soll sehr reich sein she is supposed [or said] to be very richsie soll heute kommen she's supposed to come todayer soll eine Gehaltserhöhung bekommen he's supposed to be getting a pay risesie soll geheiratet haben I've heard she has got marriedder Sommer soll heiß werden they say we're going to have a hot summersoll das [schon] alles [gewesen] sein? is that [supposed to be] all?so etwas soll es geben these things happendas soll vorkommen things like that can happendas soll gar nicht so einfach sein they say it's not that easywas soll das heißen? what's that supposed to mean?, what are you/is he/she etc. getting at?was soll dieses Bild darstellen? what is this picture supposed [or meant] to represent?wer soll das sein? who's that [supposed [or meant] to be]?sollte das möglich sein? is that [or can that be] possible?sollte sie mich belogen haben? does that mean [or are you saying] [that] she lied to me?sollte ich mich so getäuscht haben? could I have been so wrong?man sollte glauben, dass... you would think that...▪ sollte jd etw tun,... should sb do sth,...sollte sie anrufen,..., falls sie anrufen sollte,... should she ring up,...sollte das passieren,... if that should happen,..., should that happen,...wenn du sie sehen solltest, sag ihr bitte... if you should see her, please tell her...sollte es regnen, [dann] bleibe ich zu Hause if it should rain, I will stay at homesollte ich einen Fehler gemacht haben, tut es mir leid if [or should] I have made a mistake, I'm sorryich werde es versuchen, und sollte ich auch verlieren I'll try, even though I may lose1.<sollte, gesollt>soll ich? — ja, du sollst! should I? — yes, you should!soll er reinkommen? — ja, er soll should he come in? — yes, he shoulddu sollst sofort nach Hause you should go home at oncedu solltest jetzt ins Bett you should go to bed nowimmer soll ich! it's always me [who has to do it]!und warum soll ich das? and why am I to do that?was man nicht alles soll! the things one has to do!, the things you're meant to!sie hätte eigentlich in die Schule gesollt she should have gone to schooldas hast du nicht gesollt you shouldn't have done that2.<sollte, gesollt>was soll der Blödsinn? what's all this nonsense about?was soll das? what's that supposed to mean?; (warum denn das?) what's that for?was soll ich dort? what would I do there?soll er doch! (fam) [just] let him/her!* * *1.unregelmäßiges Modalverb; 2. Part. sollen1) (bei Aufforderung, Anweisung, Auftrag)was soll ich als nächstes tun? — what shall I do next?; what do you want me to do next?
[sagen Sie ihm,] er soll hereinkommen — tell him to come in
ich soll dir schöne Grüße von Herrn Meier bestellen — Herr Meier asked me to give you or sends his best wishes
2) (bei Wunsch, Absicht, Vorhaben)du sollst alles haben, was du brauchst — you shall have everything you require
man soll so etwas nicht unterschätzen — it's not to be taken or it shouldn't be taken so lightly
5) häufig im Konjunktiv II (Erwartung, Wünschenswertes ausdrückend)6) (jemandem beschieden sein)es hat nicht sein sollen od. nicht sollen sein — it was not to be
7) im Konjunktiv II (eine Möglichkeit ausdrückend)wenn du ihn sehen solltest, sage ihm bitte... — if you should see him, please tell him...
8) im Präsens (sich für die Wahrheit nicht verbürgend)das Restaurant soll sehr teuer sein — the restaurant is supposed or said to be very expensive
9) im Konjunktiv II (Zweifel ausdrückend)10) (können)mir soll es gleich sein — it's all the same to me; it doesn't matter to me
2.man sollte glauben, dass... — you would think that...
transitives, intransitives Verb* * *sollen1 v/mod; soll, sollte, hat sollen1. bei Aufgabe, Verpflichtungen etc: be to, be supposed to;Mutti sagt, du sollst nach Hause kommen mum (US mom) says you’re to come home;er soll mich anrufen he’s to ring me up, tell him to ring me up;ich soll erst abwaschen I have to ( oder I should) do the dishes first;sie soll sich schonen she’s (supposed) to take it easy;ich soll dir ausrichten, dass … I’m to tell you that …;ich soll dir schöne Grüße von ihm bestellen he sends his regards, he asked me to give you his regards;du solltest längst im Bett sein you were supposed to be ( oder should have been) in bed long ago;er sollte um zwei hier sein he was supposed to be ( oder should have been) here at two;er sollte Arzt werden he was supposed to become a doctor, the idea was that he should (US auch would) become a doctor2. in Fragen:soll ich mitkommen? shall I come too?, do you want me to come?;ich könnte freinehmen - soll ich? umg I could take time off - shall I? ( oder do you think I should?)3. befehlend:du sollst ihn in Ruhe lassen! leave him alone!;wie oft soll ich dir das noch sagen? how many times do I have to tell you?;du sollst nicht alles anfassen! don’t ( oder you mustn’t) touch everything!;du sollst nicht töten BIBEL thou shalt not kill4. bei Gedanken, Beabsichtigtem:hier soll eine Turnhalle gebaut werden a gymnasium ( oder gym umg) is to be built here, there are plans to build a gymnasium ( oder gym umg) here;er soll morgen ankommen he’s due ( oder supposed) to arrive tomorrow;das Buch soll Ihnen dabei helfen the book is designed to help you with this;meine Kinder sollen es einmal besser haben I want my children to be better off (than I was);es soll nicht wieder vorkommen it won’t happen again5. bei unbestätigten Gerüchten etc: be supposed to, be said to;sie soll sehr reich sein she’s supposed ( oder said) to be very rich, they say she’s very rich;er soll es versteckt haben he’s supposed ( oder said) to have hidden it, they say he’s hidden it;er soll eine Autorität auf dem Gebiet sein auch apparently he’s quite an expert on the subjectwas soll das sein? what’s that supposed to be?;es sollte ein Geschenk werden it was supposed ( oder meant) to be a present;es sollte ein Witz sein it was meant to be ( oder as) a joke;wozu soll das gut sein? umg what’s that in aid of?7. bei Anweisung, Drohung, Herausforderung etc:dann soll er’s (von mir aus) haben umg then he shall have it (for all I care);er soll alles haben, was er will he’s to ( oder he shall) have whatever he wants, let him have anything he wants;das soll uns nicht stören we won’t let that bother us;niemand soll sagen, dass … I don’t want it to be said that …, never let it be said that …;der soll nur kommen! umg just let him come!;soll er es doch versuchen! umg just let him try!;das sollst du mir büßen! umg I’ll make you pay for that;das soll dir noch leidtun you’ll be sorry for this;das soll mir mal einer nachmachen! umg I’d like to see anyone do better8. im Konjunktiv, bei Ratschlag, Vorwurf etc: should, ought to;du solltest es mal sehen you should ( oder ought to) see it;du hättest es sehen sollen you should ( oder ought to) have seen it;man hätte es ihm sagen sollen he ought to ( oder should) have been told;ich hätte es wissen sollen I should have known;du solltest lieber nach Hause gehen I think you’d better ( oder you ought to) go home;sie sagte, ich sollte erst zu Ende studieren she said I should ( oder I ought to, I was to) finish (US get) my degree first;so sollte es sein this is how it should ( oder ought to) be;so sollte das Wetter immer sein! the weather should always be like this;warum sollte ich (auch)? why should I?, I don’t see why I shoulder wusste nicht, was er machen sollte he didn’t know what to do;sie wussten nicht, ob sie lachen oder weinen sollten they didn’t know whether to laugh or cry;was soll ich sagen? what can I say?; ratlos: what am I (supposed) to say?;ich weiß nicht, was ich dir raten soll I don’t know what to suggestfalls er kommen sollte if he should come, in case he comes;falls es irgendwelche Probleme geben sollte if there should be ( oder are) any problems;sollte es nicht klappen, dann … if it all goes wrong, (then) …;sollte er es gewesen sein? could it have been him?;man sollte annehmen, … you would think …11. bei Bestimmung, Schicksal: be to;er sollte den Prozess gewinnen he was to win the case;sie sollte eine berühmte Sängerin werden she was (destined) to become a famous singer;es hat nicht sein sollen oder umgsollen sein it wasn’t meant to be;ein Jahr sollte verstreichen, bis it was to be another year before, a whole year was to pass before;es sollte alles anders kommen things were to turn out quite differently;er wusste nicht, dass er nie wiederkommen sollte he didn’t know that he would never return ( oder that he was never to return)sollen2 v/i; soll, sollte, hat gesollt; umg1. (irgendwohin müssen) be (supposed) to go;wo soll das hin? where’s it supposed to go?, where do you want me etc to put it?;du sollst sofort zum Chef you are to go to (see) the boss right away2.was soll das? (was bedeutet das?) what’s all this about?; (wozu soll es nützen?) what’s that for?; verärgert: what’s the idea?, what are you playing at?, US auch what are you up to?;Scheiß? what’s all this nonsense?;was soll ich damit? what am I supposed to do with it?;was soll ich hier? can somebody tell me what I’m supposed to be doing here?;soll er doch! let him; (es ist mir egal) see if I care;was soll’s? so what?, who cares?* * *1.unregelmäßiges Modalverb; 2. Part. sollen1) (bei Aufforderung, Anweisung, Auftrag)was soll ich als nächstes tun? — what shall I do next?; what do you want me to do next?
[sagen Sie ihm,] er soll hereinkommen — tell him to come in
ich soll dir schöne Grüße von Herrn Meier bestellen — Herr Meier asked me to give you or sends his best wishes
2) (bei Wunsch, Absicht, Vorhaben)du sollst alles haben, was du brauchst — you shall have everything you require
man soll so etwas nicht unterschätzen — it's not to be taken or it shouldn't be taken so lightly
5) häufig im Konjunktiv II (Erwartung, Wünschenswertes ausdrückend)6) (jemandem beschieden sein)es hat nicht sein sollen od. nicht sollen sein — it was not to be
7) im Konjunktiv II (eine Möglichkeit ausdrückend)wenn du ihn sehen solltest, sage ihm bitte... — if you should see him, please tell him...
8) im Präsens (sich für die Wahrheit nicht verbürgend)das Restaurant soll sehr teuer sein — the restaurant is supposed or said to be very expensive
9) im Konjunktiv II (Zweifel ausdrückend)10) (können)mir soll es gleich sein — it's all the same to me; it doesn't matter to me
2.man sollte glauben, dass... — you would think that...
transitives, intransitives Verb* * *v.(§ p.,pp.: sollte, gesollt)= ought aux.should modal -
8 Значение и употребление модальных глаголов
* * *Модальный глагол können означает возможность осуществить какое-либо действие.Эта возможность основывается:• на врождённых или приобретённых способностях (например, физического, умственного или иного рода):Er kann Ski fahren. (Er hat das schon als Kind gelernt). - Он умеет кататься на лыжах. (Он научился этому ещё в детстве).Sie kann gut mit Kindern umgehen. (Sie ist ein Naturtalent). - Она умеет обращаться с детьми. (У неё природный талант).Er kann das beurteilen. (Er ist Fachmann auf dem Gebiet). - Он может судить об этом. (Он специалист в этой области).Vögel können fliegen. - Птицы могут летать.Можно заменить на:Er ist fähig / imstande / in der Lage Ski zu fahren. - Он способен / в состоянии кататься на лыжах. - Sie hat eine Eignung / Begabung / Veranlagung zum richtigen Umgang mit Kindern. - У неё есть необходимые качества / способности / задатки для правильного общения с детьми.• на объективных условиях:Na endlich haben wir Urlaub. Jetzt können wir Ski fahren. - Наконец-то у нас отпуск. Сейчас мы можем покататься на лыжах.Voriges Jahr war ein schneereicher Winter. Wir konnten viel Ski fahren. - В прошлом году зима была снежной. Мы могли много кататься на лыжах.Ich kann heute Abend zu dir kommen. - Я могу прийти к тебе сегодня вечером.Wir können mit dem Zug nach Köln fahren. - Мы можем ехать в Кёльн поездом.Можно заменить на:Wir haben Gelegenheit / die Möglichkeit / die Chance Ski zu fahren. - У нас есть удобный случай/возможность покататься на лыжах.• на законах природы:Morgen kann es regnen. - Завтра может быть дождь.Der Vulkan kann jederzeit wieder ausbrechen. - Извержение вулкана может повториться / произойти снова в любое время.• на разрешении какого-либо лица или инстанция что-либо сделать (то есть дозволено, разрешено осуществить действие, или оно в коммуникативной ситуации не будет запрещено):Der kleine Klaus kann machen, was er will. (Die Eltern sagen nichts.) - Маленький Клаус может делать всё, что он захочет. (Родители ничего не говорят).Meinetwegen kann (= darf) er mitfahren. - По мне / Не возражаю, он может ехать с нами.Kann ich noch ein Stück Kuchen haben? - Можно взять ещё один кусок пирога?Kann ich gehen? - Das kannst du tun.Могу я уйти? - Да ты можешь это сделать.Ihr könnt mit meinem Auto fahren. - Вы можете ехать на моей машине.В значении „разрешение“ вместо können употребляется dürfen (см. ниже) в том случае, если это разрешение имеет смысл „сметь, иметь право“. Так дети могут спросить свою мать: Können / dürfen wir spielen? Können указывает на имеющиеся объективные условия (мать не запретит), а dürfen – на разрешение поиграть.• на причинно-следственной связи:Wenn es morgen schneit, können wir den geplanten Ausflug nicht unternehmen. - Если завтра пойдёт снег, мы не сможем совершить запланированную прогулку.Глагол können выражает (неуверенное) предположение (степень уверенности около 50%):Sie kann noch in der Schule sein. - Она еще, может быть, в школе.* * *Dürfen выражает:• разрешение:Darf ich dein Telefon benutzen? - Можно воспользоваться твоим телефоном?Sie dürfen mein Fahrrad nehmen. - Вы можете взять мой велосипед.In diesem Raum darf geraucht werden. - В этом помещении можно курить.Sie darf die Akten einsehen. - Ей можно / разрешено ознакомиться с материалами дела / документами.Можно заменить на:Es ist erlaubt / gestattet / zulässig in diesem Raum zu rauchen. - Разрешено / позволено / допустимо курить в этом помещении.Sie hat das Recht / die Berechtigung / die Befugnis / die Genehmigung / die Erlaubnis / das Privileg die Akten einzusehen. - Она имеет право / право, полномочие / право, полномочие / разрешение / привилегию ознакомиться с материалами дела / документами.• право в силу закона, а также научных, религиозных, моральных и других принципов, на совершение какого-либо поступка:Ich habe die Aufgabe erfüllt. - Я задание выполнил.Jetzt darf ich nach Hause gehen. - Теперь я могу идти домой.• запрет:Hier darf man nicht rauchen. - Здесь запрещено курить.Auf Autobahnen darf man nicht mit dem Fahrrad fahren. - На аутобане запрещено ездить на велосипеде.• просьбу, требование, желание:Du darfst mir nicht mehr böse sein! (= Sei mir nicht mehr böse!) - Не злись на меня больше!Du darfst nicht weinen! (= Weine nicht!) - Не надо плакать!• совет (чаще с отрицанием):Du darfst nicht alles so ernst nehmen! - Не надо принимать всё так серьёзно!• вежливость при изложении просьбы, желания или вопроса:Darf ich Sie kurz stören? - Разрешите вас несколько побеспокоить?Dürfte ich Ihr Gespräch kurz unterbrechen? - Позвольте на несколько минут прервать ваш разговор?• совет, рекомендацию по правильному обращению с предметом (в этом случае dürfen употребляется в предложениях с неодушевлённым подлежащим, инфинитивом непереходного глагола или пассива и наречием nur или отрицанием):Die Suppe darf nur zehn Minuten kochen. - Суп должен вариться только десять минут.Butter darf nicht in der Sonne liegen. - Масло не должно лежать на солнце.Der Tisch darf nicht umgestellt werden. - Этот стол нельзя переставлять на другое место.Dürfen выражает предположение с большой долей уверенности (около 80%) только в конъюнктиве II):Sie dürfte jetzt schon in Bonn sein. - Она теперь, должно быть, уже в Бонне.Es dürfte einen Regen geben. - Вероятно будет дождь.* * *Müssen выражает:• объективную необходимость, вызванную обстоятельствами, внешними условиями, сложившейся ситуацией:Die Autofahrer müssen die Straße umfahren. Sie ist blockiert. - Водители должны / вынуждены объезжать эту улицу. Она перекрыта.Ich muss jetzt nach Hause. Es ist schon spät. - Я должен сейчас идти домой. Уже поздно.Можно заменить на:Es ist notwendig / erforderlich / geboten / unerlässlich / unumgänglich, diese Straße zu umfahren. - Необходимо / нужно / необходимо / необходимо / нужно обязательно объезжать эту улицу.Es bleibt nichts anderes übrig, als diese Straße zu umfahren. - Ничего другого не остаётся, как объезжать эту улицу.Die Autofahrer sind gezwungen diese Straße zu umfahren. - Водители вынуждены объезжать эту улицу.• необходимость в силу осознанного морального долга, осознанной моральной обязанности, внутреннего убеждения:Er muss kommen. Er hat es versprochen. - Он должен прийти. Он это обещал.Ich muss dem Verletzten helfen. (Ich kann nicht anders.) - Я должен помочь пострадавшему / получившему травму / раненому. (Я не могу поступить иначе.)Можно заменить на:Ich fühle mich moralisch verpflichtet dem Verletzten zu helfen. - Я чувствую себя морально обязанным помочь пострадавшему.• необходимость в силу закона:Laut Gesetz muss ich mein Auto anmelden. - По закону я должен поставить на учёт свой автомобиль.Radfahrer müssen einzeln hintereinander fahren. - Велосипедисты должны двигаться друг за другом по одному.Fußgänger müssen die Gehwege benutzen. - Пешеходы должны пользоваться пешеходными дорожками.• необходимость в силу традиций и обычаев, профессиональных (служебных) обязанностей, должности и положения:Der Gastgeber muss seine Gäste begrüßen. - Хозяин должен приветствовать гостей.Der Ingenieur muss die Geräte wöchentlich überprüfen. - Инженер должен еженедельно проверять эти приборы.Der Vater muss seine Familie ernähren. - Отец должен кормить семью.• невозможность поступить иначе:Als sie ihn sah, musste ich einfach lachen. - Когда она его увидела, она просто не могла не засмеяться.Plötzlich musste er niesen. - Вдруг он (невольно) чихнул.• рекомендацию, совет, которую(ый) обязательно нужно учесть (выполнить) (в этом значении müssen может сопровождаться словом unbedingt безусловно, непременно):Sie müssen das Buch unbedingt einmal lesen. - Вам непременно надо когда-нибудь прочитать эту книгу.• необходимое условие или необходимую предпосылку для осуществления чего-либо (как правило, в сложноподчинённых предложениях с wenn и wer):Wenn man in Deutschland studieren will, muss man gute deutsche Sprachkenntnisse haben. - Если кто-нибудь хочет учиться в Германии, он должен иметь хорошие знания немецкого языка.Wer in Deutschland studieren will, muss gute deutsche Sprachkenntnisse haben. - Кто хочет учиться в Германии, должен иметь хорошие знания немецкого языка.• силой природы, непреодолимой силой (форс-мажорными обстоятельствами):Die Kraft des Wassers war so stark, dass unser Boot kentern musste. - Сила течения была такая большая, что наша лодка перевернулась.Müssen выражает также логический вывод, предположение (основанное на объективных фактах, наблюдениях или размышлениях) с почти стопроцентной вероятностью:Er muss sich sehr geärgert haben, sonst hätte er nicht so gehandelt. - Он, должно быть / наверное / скорее всего, очень рассердился, иначе он не вёл бы себя так.Sie muss sehr klug sein. - Она, должно быть, очень умная.* * *Основное значение sollen – обязанность, долг, долженствование в силу чужой воли.Sollen выражает:• поручения, приказы, указания, просьбу (1-му лицу):Ich soll nüchtern zur Untersuchung kommen. Das hat der Arzt gesagt. - Я должен прийти на обследование, ничего не евший. Так предписал врач.Ich soll Ihnen Grüße von Herrn Meier bestellen. - Я должен передать вам приветы от господина Майера.Ich soll dir den Brief übergeben. - Я должен передать тебе письмо.Herr Müller, Sie sollen sofort Ihre Frau anrufen. Ihre Frau hat Sie darum gebeten. - Господин Мюллер, вам надо срочно позвонить жене. Ваша жена просила вас об этом.Можно заменить на:Ich habe die Aufgabe / den Auftrag / die Anweisung dir den Brief zu übergeben. - Я получил задачу/поручение/указание передать тебе письмо.прямая передача поручения и т.д., прямое побуждение (2-му лицу):Du sollst das Fenster zumachen! - Закрой окно! - Du sollst einen Moment warten! - Подожди одну минутку!(3-му лицу; также императив для 3-го лица):Die Schüler sollen diese Übung auf lose Blätter schreiben. Das hat der Lehrer angeordnet. - Ученики должны выполнить упражнение на отдельных листах. Так распорядился учитель.(императив для 3-го лица, побуждение, которое нужно передать третьим лицам):Die Kinder sollen zum Essen kommen. - Пусть дети идут есть.• заповеди, общие обязанности, общественные и религиозные нормы, поучения вести себя разумно:Das fünfte Gebot lautet: „Du sollst nicht töten“. - Пятая заповедь гласит: „Не убей“.Du sollst deine Nächsten lieben, wie sich selbst. - Возлюби ближнего как самого себя.Man soll im Straßenverkehr rücksichtsvoll sein. - Во время дорожного движения следует быть внимательным / тактичным.Man soll dem anderen immer helfen. - Следует всегда помогать другому.Du sollst zu anderen Menschen höflicher sein. - Тебе надо / следует быть более вежливым по отношению к другим людям.Man soll sich vor allem auf sich selbst verlassen, nicht so sehr auf andere. - Нужно / Следует полагаться прежде всего на себя самого, и меньше на других.Jeder soll nach seinen Kräften mittun. - Каждый должен участвовать по мере своих сил.• побуждения, рекомендации, советы и предложения необязательного характера, присутствует оттенок „было бы лучше / правильнее, если бы кто-либо что-либо (с)делал / не (с)делал “ (в конъюнктиве II):Du sollst ihn nicht immer ärgern. - Тебе не следовало бы всё время злить его.Sie sollten sich die Ausstellung ansehen. - Вам следовало бы посмотреть выставку. / Вы бы посмотрели эту выставку. / Вам бы посмотреть эту выставку.• долженствование, относящееся к неодушевлённому предмету, кто-либо хочет, чтобы что-либо было бы каким-либо:Ich möchte eine Krawatte kaufen, sie soll zu meinem grauen Anzug passen. - Мне хотелось бы купить галстук, который подошёл бы к моему серому костюму.• договоренность:Ich soll ihn um 6.00 Uhr abholen. - Я должен встретить его в 6 часов.Можно заменить на:Es ist geplant / vorgesehen / beabsichtigt ihn um 6.00 Uhr abzuholen. - Запланировано / предусмотрено встретить его в 6 часов.• намерение, план (предложение может иметь вид: неодушевлённое подлежащее + sollen + инфинитив I пассива):Dieser Platz soll mit Häusern bebaut werden. - Эта площадка должна быть застроена домами.Die Gäste sollen vom Flugplatz abgeholt werden. - Гостей должны встретить в аэропорту.Hier soll ein Stadion entstehen. - Здесь должен быть построен стадион.Herr Meier soll uns eine Stadtführung machen. - Господин Майер должен провести для нас экскурссию по городу.• вызов, вызов с угрозой или угрозу, проклятье:Soll er doch selbst versuchen, so ein Buch zu schreiben! - Пусть он сам попытается написать такую книгу!Er soll nur kommen! - Пусть только придёт!Der Teufel soll ihn holen! - Чёрт бы его побрал!• твёрдую решимость, твёрдое обещание:Du sollst es bekommen. - Ты получишь это.Es soll nicht wieder vorkommen. - Этого больше не повторится.• (как правило в 1-м лице) предложение сделать что-либо, формируемое в виде вопроса (soll ich/sollen wir):Was soll ich Ihnen vorlesen? - Что мне вам (надо) прочесть?Soll ich den Text lesen? - Мне читать текст?Soll ich das Fеnster öffnen? - Мне открыть окно?• досаду, неудовольствие в риторических вопросах:Wie oft soll ich dir das noch sagen? - Сколько раз тебе это ещё говорить / повторять?Soll ich’s denn alleine machen? - Мне что одному это делать?• нерешительность, неуверенность в вопросах, которые говорящий или кто-либо задаёт самому себе:Wem soll ich nun glauben? - Кому же мне теперь верить?Er wusste nicht, wie er sich verhalten sollte. - Он не знал, как ему себя вести.Was soll bloß werden? - Что же будет?Wie soll das enden? - Чем это кончится?Was soll ich nur tun? - А что мне делать?Woher soll ich das wissen? - Откуда мне это знать?• сомнения, неуверенность в вопросах, которые говорящий задаёт самому себе. Такие вопросы не содержат вопросительного слова, sollen часто употребляется в конъюнктиве II ( sollte):Sollte ich das wirklich übersehen haben? - Неужели я этого действительно не заметил?Sollte das der Grund sein? - Неужели это причина?Das soll(te) ich gesagt haben? - Неужели я это сказал?• цель, предназначение какого-либо предмета:Diese Mitteilung soll die Öffentlichkeit irreführen? - Это сообщение имеет целью / должно дезинформировать общественность.Das Gerät soll uns dabei helfen. - Прибор должен нам в этом помочь.• гипотетический характер действия в придаточных условных предложениях, sollen употребляется в конъюнктиве II ( sollte):Solltest du einmal nach Deutschland kommen, bist du uns jederzeit willkommen. - Если приедешь в Германию, мы всегда будем рады тебя видеть.Wenn ich es vergessen sollte, (dann/so) erinnern Sie mich bitte daran. - Если я это забуду, (тогда/то) напомните мне об этом.• побуждение или приказ в косвенной речи:Der Trainer sagte zu den Sportlern: „Stellt euch gerade hin und streckt die Arme nach vorn.“ - Тренер сказал спортсменам: „Станьте прямо и вытяните ручи вперёд“.Der Trainer sagte zu den Sportlern, sie sollten sich gerade hinstellen und die Arme nach vorn strecken. - Тренер сказал спортсменам, чтобы они стали прямо и вытянили ручи вперёд.Sollen выражет также, что говорящий представляет / подаёт действие, как мнение, высказывание или утверждение другого лица. Не являющегося грамматическим субъектом (подлежащим). На русский язык sollen в таком случае может переводиться конструкциями со словами „говорят / утверждают / сообщают / рассказывают, что …“, „я слышал, что …“, „по слухам …“, „по имеющимся сведениям / данным“, „как полагают“, „будто бы“, „по преданию“ и т.д.:Sie soll sehr schön gewesen sein. - Говорят / Рассказывают, что она была очень красивой.So etwas soll es geben. - Говорят, что такое бывает.Der Vorschlag soll angenommen worden sein. - По имеющимся сведениям / Сообщается, что предложение было принято.1. Модальный глагол sollen употребляется, если указание на обязательность исполнения действия исходит со стороны других лиц (третьего лица), в то время как глагол müssen свидетельствует о внутренней потребности.2. Модальный глагол sollen допускает свободу принятия решения, в то время как müssen не даёт такой свободы.* * *Wollen выражает:• (твёрдое) желание, намерение, план (собственную волю):Er will dir die Wahrheit sagen. - Он хочет сказать тебе правду.Sie will ihre Eltern besuchen. - Она хочет навестить родителей.Можно заменить на:Er nimmt sich vor / ist entschlossen / bereit / gewillt / willens dir die Wahrheit zu sagen. - Он намеревается / готов / имеет желание сказать тебе правду.Sie beabsichtigt / hat die Absicht / plant / hat den Plan / hat vor ihre Eltern zu besuchen. - Она намеревается / планирует / собирается навестить родителей.• неосуществленное желание (в сочетании с aber, doch и др.):Ich wollte sie fragen, aber er hielt mich zurück. - Я хотел ее спросить, но он удержал меня.• предназначение / цель (с неодушевлённым подлежащим):Dieser Aufsatz will nur einen kurzen Abriss zur Situation geben. - Эта статья ставит своей целью дать лишь краткий обзор ситуации.Das Buch will zahlreiche Fragen dazu beantworten helfen. - Задача книги – помочь найти ответы на многочисленные вопросы, связанные с этой темой.• необходимость (предложение часто имеет вид: неодушевлённое подлежащее + wollen + партицип II + sein):Das will gut überlegt sein. - Это надо хорошенько обдумать.Diese Summe will erst verdient sein. - Эту сумму сначала надо заработь.• указание на будущее, на то, что будущее будет обязательно выполнено; может употребляться в предложениях, выражающих обещание, уступку, угрозу:Wir wollen sehen, wer hier zu bestimmen hat. - Посмотрим, кто здесь распоряжается.Er sagte, er wolle ihr schreiben. - Он сказал, что напишет ей.Na gut, dann will ich es dir doch zeigen. - Ну ладно, тогда я тебе покажу (это).Dem will ich’s aber zeigen. - Я ему покажу (угроза).• непосредственно предстоящее, начинающееся действие:Es will regnen. - Собирается дождь.Das Haus will einfallen. - Дом вот-вот рухнет.Draußen liegt einer und will verbluten. - На улице кто-то лежит и вот-вот умрёт от потери крови / истекает кровью.• побуждение к совместной реализации действия:Wir wollen gehen! - Пойдёмте!Wir wollen nun auf sein Wohl trinken! - (Давайте) Выпьем за его здоровье!• указание на то, что не выполняется (надлежащим образом) какая-то функция:Der Motor will nicht anspringen. - Двигатель не запускается.Die Wunde will (und will) nicht heilen. - Рана не заживает.• вежливое, но категорическое побуждение (предложение имеет вид: wollen Sie (bitte) + инфинитив I):Wollen Sie bitte Platz nehmen! - Садитесь, пожалуйста!• категорическое побуждение с лёгкой угрозой (предложение имеет вид: willst du / wollt ihr (wohl) + инфинитив I):Willst du wohl endlich still sein! - Да замолкнешь ты наконец!Wollt ihr wohl eine Suppe essen! - (Да) Ешьте свой суп!Wollen выражает также то, что говорящий представляет / подаёт действие как утверждение лица, выраженного грамматическим субъектом (подлежащим). Говорящий сомневается в правильности этого утверждения. В переводе на русский язык используются выражения: „как утверждает …“, „как говорит …“ „“, „по словам …“, „как уверяет …“, „если верить …“, „будто бы …“ и т.д.:Klaus will schneller laufen können als Otto. - Клаус утверждает, что он бегает быстрее чем Отто.Er will es nicht getan haben. - Он говорит / утверждает, что он не делал этого.Und du willst krank sein? - И ты утверждаешь, что болен.* * *Mögen выражает:• желание / охоту; в этом значении вместо презенса используется конъюнктив II (настоящего времени) ( möchte), благодаря которому глагол приобретает значение смягчённого, некатегорического желания:Ich möchte ihn nicht stören. - Я не хотел бы ему мешать.Ich möchte das Buch noch einmal lesen. - Я хотел бы прочитать эту книгу ещё раз.В прошедшем времени используется wollen:Gestern wollte ich ihn in die Disko gehen, heute möchte ich lieber zu Hause bleiben. - Вчера я хотел сходить в дискатеку, сегодня я лучше останусь дома.Mögen в презенсе употребляется в этом значение практически всегда с отрицанием (см. 2.7.4, с. 171).• вежливую просьбу в косвенной речи (в конъюнктиве I или II):Sie bat ihn, er möge / möchte in ihrer Wohnung nicht rauchen. - Она попросила его, чтобы он в её квартире не курил.Sage ihm, er möchte / möge bald nach Hause kommen. - Скажи ему, пусть он поскорее приходит домой / чтобы он поскорее приходил домой.• вежливую передачу просьбы:Sie möchten morgen früh Frau Meier anrufen. - Позвоните завтра утром госпоже Майер.Sie möchten bitte morgen wiederkommen. - Приходите, пожалуйста, завтра ещё раз.• пожелание в торжественом стиле (в конъюнктиве I):Möge sie lange leben! - Пусть она живёт долго! / Долгих ей лет.Möge dein Wünsch bald in Erfüllung gehen! - Пусть поскорее исполнится твоё желание!• то, что говорящий против реализации действия (выраженного инфинитивом I), что он готов принять его / смириться с ним; глагол употребляется только в презенсе, говорящий никогда не является грамматическим субъектом (подлежащим):Er mag das Buch behalten. - Пусть книга остаётся у него.Das mag als Beispiel dienen. - Пусть это послужит примером.Das mag diesmal noch hingehen, aber das nächste Mal... - На этот раз прощается, но в следующий раз …• уступительное значение:Die Leute mögen reden, was sie wollen. - Пусть люди говорят, что хотят.Das mag er halten, wie er will. - Пусть считает, как хочет.Es mag kommen, was (da) will, ich bleibe bei meinem Entschluss. - Будь, что будет / чтобы ни случилось, я остаюсь при своём мнении.• усиление уступительного значения, значения неосуществлённости, недействитель-ности в придаточных уступительных предложениях:So kompliziert dieses Problem auch sein mag, man wird es doch lösen. - Какой бы сложной ни была эта проблема, её всё же решат.Mag dieses Problem auch (noch so) kompliziert sein, man wird es doch lösen. - Эта проблема какой бы ни была сложной, её всё же решат.Wie (auch) immer man ihn beurteilen mag, ich finde ihn sympatisch. - Как бы о нём всегда не судили, я нахожу его симпатичным.Diese Entwicklung lässt sich nicht mehr aufhalten, was man auch (immer) dagegen unternehmen mag. - Это развитие нельзя уже остановить, чтобы против этого не предпринимали.Wenn der Film auch Schwächen haben mag, so ist er doch sehenswert. - Если фильм даже и имеет недостатки, он всё равно достойной того, чтобы его посмотреть.Кроме того mögen выражает:• неуверенное предположение (степень уверенности около 50 %), допущение какой-либо возможности:Er mag aber auch Beziehungen zur Unterwelt gehabt haben. - Возможно, однако, что у него также были связи с преступным миром.Es mag sein, dass... - Может быть / Возможно, что …Das mag wohl sein, aber... - Вполне возможно, но …в том числе с числительными:Sie mag 50 Jahre alt sein. - Ей, пожалуй, лет 50.Es möchte 3 Uhr gewesen sein, als... - Вероятно / Возможно, было 3 часа, когда …Es möchte wohl zwanzig Minuten gedauert haben. - Это длилось, вероятно, минут двадцать.• недостаточный довод, который не оказывает влияния на главный тезис говорящего; возможность, вероятность:Den einen oder den anderen mag ich schon einmal gesehen haben, aber die meisten sind mir unbekannt. - Того или другого, я возможно / вероятно, уже когда-нибудь и видел, но большинство из них мне незнакомо.Die meisten mögen sich bei diesem Vortrag gelangweilt haben, mich hat er sehr interessiert. - Большинству, возможно, этот доклад показался скучным, (а) меня он очень заинтересовал.• неуверенность, растерянность (в вопросах):Was mag das bedeuten? - Что бы это могло значить?Wer mag ihm das gesagt haben? - Кто бы ему мог сказать это?Was mag das kosten? - Сколько бы это могло стоить?* * * * *Общее в употреблении всех модальных глаголов:1. Если модальные глаголы употребляются самостоятельно, то есть без инфинитива смыслового глагола, то такие предложения воспринимаются как эллипсис, то есть построенные с пропуском члена предложения, легко восстанавливаемого из контекста (от греческого elleipsis выпадение, опускание, в немецком языке die Ellipse эллипcис):Er darf nicht ins Kino (gehen). - Ему нельзя (идти) в кино.Ich will das nicht (tun). - Я не хочу этого (это делать).Er mag keinen Kaffee (trinken). - Он не любит (пить) кофе.Ich mag kein Sauerkraut (essen). - Я не люблю (есть) кислую (квашеную) капусту.Er kann gut Englisch (sprechen). - Он хорошо знает английский язык / умеет хорошо говорить на английском языке.2. Побуждения, рекомендации, советы и предложения передаются, в основном, с помощью конъюнктива II sollte:Er empfiehlt ihr dieses Buch zu kaufen. - Он советует ей купить эту книгу.Sie sollte dieses Buch kaufen. - Ей следовало бы купить эту книгу.3. Советы и предложения, которые обязательно должны выполняться, формулируются с помощью müssen. Вместо более слабой формы конъюнктива II müsste в основном употребляется sollte (часто в связке с eigentlich):Es ist erforderlich, dass Sie die Antragsfristen einhalten. - Необходимо, чтобы Вы соблюдали сроки подачи заявлений.Sie müssen die Antragsfristen einhalten. - Вы должны соблюдать сроки подачи заявлений.Das müssten / sollten Sie eigentlich wissen. - Это вам надо бы / следовало бы (собственно говоря) знать.4. Предложения, которые указывают только на возможность осуществления действия, передаются с помощью können или könnte:Sie haben jederzeit die Möglichkeit mich anzurufen und um Rat zu fragen. - У вас есть возможность в любое время позвонить мне и спросить у меня совета.Sie können mich jederzeit um Rat fragen. - Вы можете в любое время спросить у меня совета.Sie könnten mich mal anrufen. - Вы могли бы позвонить мне.5. Если модальные глаголы употребляются с инфинитивом, то перед инфинитивом zu не ставится.6. От модальных глаголов, употребляемых самостоятельно, в нормативном немецком языке пассив (см. 2.4.1, с. 132) и императив (см. 2.6.1(7), с. 158) не образуются.Грамматика немецкого языка по новым правилам орфографии и пунктуации > Значение и употребление модальных глаголов
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9 Haus
hausncasa f, edificio mIch gehe nach Hause. — Me voy a casa.
Ich bin zu Hause. — Estoy en casa.
ins Haus stehen — estar a la puerta de casa, avecinarse
Haus [haʊs, Plural: 'hɔɪzɐ]<-es, Häuser>1 dig(Wohnhaus, Heim) casa Feminin; (Gebäude) edificio Maskulin; von Haus zu Haus gehen ir de casa en casa; wir wohnen Haus an Haus vivimos puerta con puerta; aus dem Haus gehen salir de casa; der Herr des Hauses el señor de la casa; außer Haus essen comer fuera (de casa); etwas steht ins Haus algo está al caer; Haus und Hof verspielen perder hasta la camisa; nirgendwo zu Hause sein ser un extraño en todas partes; fühlen Sie sich wie zu Hause! ¡siéntase como en su casa!; nach Hause kommen volver a casa; er ist nicht zu Hause no está en casa; bei uns zu Hause en nuestra casa; in etwas Dativ zu Hause sein (umgangssprachlich) conocer bien algo; vor ausverkauftem Haus spielen actuar con el teatro repleto de público; frei Haus com franco (a) domicilio; hallo, altes Haus! (umgangssprachlich) ¡hola, amigote!2 dig(gehobener Sprachgebrauch: Herkunft) familia Feminin, casa Feminin; er ist aus gutem Hause es de buena familia; von Hause aus originalmente3 dig (Unternehmen) casa Feminin, empresa Feminin; das erste Haus am Platz la empresa de mejor reputaciónaltes Haus ! ¡viejo amigo!Haus halten [sparen] economizaruns stehen Neuerungen/Reformen ins Haus estamos de renovación/reforma en casa————————nach Haus(e) Adverb————————zu Haus(e) Adverbin etw (D) zu Hause sein [in Wissenschaftsgebiet] estar familiarizado ( femenino familiarizada) con algo -
10 gewiss
1. gə'vɪs adjcierto, seguro2. gə'vɪs advpor cierto, seguramentegewissRR , gewißALT [gə'vɪs]I Adjektiv1 dig (sicher) seguro; sich Dativ einer Sache gewiss sein (gehobener Sprachgebrauch) estar seguro de una cosa2 dig (bestimmt) tal, cierto; ein gewisser Herr Müller un tal Señor Müller; in gewissem Maße en cierta medidaII AdverbAdjektivein gewisser Herr Meier hat angerufen ha llamado un tal Sr. Meier3. [sicher] indudable————————Adverb -
11 geehrt
gə'eːrtadjSehr geehrter Herr Meier! — ¡Estimado Sr. Meier!
geehrt [gə'?e:ɐt](in Briefen) estimado; sehr geehrter Herr X estimado Sr. X; (meine) sehr geehrte(n) Damen und Herren muy Sres. míos -
12 Mensch1
m:1. jetzt bin ich wieder (ein) Mensch я чувствую себя снова человеком (хорошо). 2. ich bin (ja) gar kein Mensch mehr я устал, измотаня больше не человек. Nach zwei Stunden Geräteturnen bin ich gar kein Mensch mehr.3. ich bin nur noch ein halber Mensch я уже не человекя устал, измотан. Als ich diese elende Schufterei hinter mir hatte, war ich nur noch ein halber Mensch.etw. für den äußeren Menschen tun шутл. заботиться о внешнем облике. Herr Meier ist wirklich ein sympathischer Mann, er tut alles nicht nur für den äußeren, sondern auch für den inneren Menschen.5. ich bin auch nur ein Mensch я всего лишь человек (со всеми слабостями). Himmel und Menschen большое количество людей, много народа. Auf dem Platz vor dem Rathaus versammelten sich Himmel und Menschen. sich wie der erste Mensch benehmen шутл.а) вести себя как первобытный человек. Du benimmst dich wie der erste Mensch, du hast keinen Anstand,б) вести себя беспомощно. So weltunerfahren, unwissend, unmodern bist du! Du benimmst dich wie der erste Mensch!8. eine Seele von Mensch [von einem Menschen] добродушный, добросердечный человек, душа-человек. Meine Mutter ist eine Seele von Mensch [von einem Menschen]. Alle Nachbarn kommen mit ihren Sorgen zu ihr, und für jeden hat sie ein gutes Wort.9. Mensch!а) утраченная роль обращения: послушай!, ну!, давай!, ты! Kopf hoch, Mensch!Laß ihn jetzt schlafen, Mensch!Mensch, steh nicht rum, pack mit an!б) возглас удивления, восхищения, иску га, недовольства: ну!, слушай!, ты!, э!, учти!, да ты что! Mensch, das hätte ich nicht gedacht!Mensch, das ist prima!Mensch, hast du mich erschreckt!Mensch, hast du Tomaten auf den Augen?!10. Mensch Meier! см. Meier.Deutsch-Russisches Woerterbuch der umgangssprachlichen und saloppen > Mensch1
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13 geehrt
adjSehr geehrter Herr Meier!... — Monsieur,...
geehrtge71e23ca0e/71e23ca0hrt [gə'?e:495bc838ɐ̯/495bc838t](bei schriftlicher Anrede) Beispiel: Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,... Madame, Monsieur,...; Beispiel: Sehr geehrter Herr Lang,... Monsieur,... -
14 Birne
/ фам.1. голова (человека), башка. Wieder habe ich mir die Birne eingerannt.He, Herr Meier — stecken Sie Ihre verehrte Birne durch die Gardinen. (tf. Fallada), eine weiche Birne haben быть глупым, недалёким человеком, быть дураком. Ich glaub, der hat 'ne weiche Birne. Was der so am Tage für Unsinn verzapft!Der hat eine weiche Birne! Zehnmal habe ich ihm schon erklärt, wie man diese einfache Aufgabe lösen muß, und er begreift es immer noch nicht.Du hast wohl eine weiche Birne, wenn du das nicht begreifst.Wie kannst du den beim Quiz mitmachen lassen, der hat doch eine weiche Birne. Seine Doofheit fällt mir auf den Wecker. ich habe eine dicke Birne у меня башка трещит. Nach dieser anstrengenden Arbeit habe ich schon eine dicke Birne gekriegt, ich kann nicht mehr weiterarbeiten.Von dem Wein habe ich so eine dicke Birne (gekriegt), daß ich kaum einen klaren Gedanken fassen kann. jmdm. eins auf [vor] die Birne geben дать кому-л. по башкезадать головомойку кому-л. Sein Vater hat ihm wegen seiner Bummelei so eins auf die Birne gegeben, daß er Nasenbluten gekriegt hat. eins auf die Birne bekommen [kriegen] получить по башкеполучить взбучку. Für diese Frechheit kriegst du gleich eins auf die Birne. Äpfel und Birnen zusammenzählenÄpfel mit Birnen addieren см. Apfel5.2. прозвище толстощёкого человека.Deutsch-Russisches Woerterbuch der umgangssprachlichen und saloppen > Birne
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15 ruhig
I: ruhig sein вести себя тихо, не шуметь. Kinder, seid jetzt endlich ruhig! einen ruhigen Posten haben иметь тёплое местечко (о работе). Müller hat sein Ziel erreicht. Er hat jetzt einen ruhigen Posten, eine ruhige Kugel schieben фам. делать лёгкую ["непыльную"] работу, не надрываться. Nach seiner schweren Krankheit ging Herr Meier in den städtischen Dienst. Da kann er jetzt an seinem Schreibtisch eine ruhige Kugel schieben, was seiner Gesundheit guttut.II в роли частицы или модального слова:а) пусть себе. Soll er ruhig schreien!Lachen Sie mich ruhig aus, ich weiß es besser.б) пожалуйста, сколько [как] вам угодно. Sie dürfen während der Arbeit ruhig rauchen!Sehen Sie sich ruhig um, Sie brauchen nichts zu kaufen.в) спокойно, не боясь. Das könnt ihr ruhig glauben.Dir kann ich es ja ruhig sagen,г) не мешало бы. Du könntest ruhig etwas freundlicher sein.Dein Zimmer könntest du auch ruhig mal aufräumen.Deutsch-Russisches Woerterbuch der umgangssprachlichen und saloppen > ruhig
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16 Schiefgewickelt:
schiefgewickelt sein глубоко заблуждаться. Herr Meier denkt, wenn er Handschuhe anzieht und einen Hut aufsetzt, ist er ein feiner Mann. Da ist er aber schiefgewickelt.Wenn du glaubst, du kannst hier herumkomman-dieren,_ bist du schiefgewickelt.Deutsch-Russisches Woerterbuch der umgangssprachlichen und saloppen > Schiefgewickelt:
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17 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse: XIIth Century-XXth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925, 1952 (2nd edition, B. Vi-digal, ed.).■. Portuguese Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922, 1970 (2nd edition, B. Vidigal, ed.).■ Bleiberg, German, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, eds. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1993.■ Castro, Francisco Lyon de, ed. História da literatura portuguesa, 7 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 2001-02.■ Cidade, Hernani. Lições de Cultura e Literatura Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■ Cook, Manuela. Portuguese: A Complete Course for Beginners. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996. Figueiredo, Fidelino. História literária de Portugal. Coimbra, 1944. Gentile, Georges Le. La Littérature Portugaise. Rev. ed. Paris, 1951. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.■ Longland, Jean. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry. A Bilingual Selection. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House, 1966. Prado Coelho, Jacinto do. Dicionário das Literaturas Portuguesas, Galega e Brasileira, 3rd ed. Oporto, 1978. Rossi, Giuseppe C. Storia della letteratura portoghesa. Florence, 1953.■ Santos, João Camilo dos. "Portuguese Contemporary Literature." In Antônio Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 218-42. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Saraiva, Antônio José. História da cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-60.■. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990 ed.■, and Oscar Lopes. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Oporto and Coimbra, 1992 ed.■ Seguier, Jaime de, ed. Dicionário Prático Ilustrado. Oporto: Lello, 1961 and later eds.■ Simões, João Gaspar. História da poesia portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1955-56 and later eds.■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999. Diffie, Bailey W. Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960. Dutra, Francis A. "Portugal: To 1279." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 35-48. New York: Scribners, 1987.■. "Portugal: 1279-1481." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 48-56. New York: Scribners, 1987. Gama Barros, Henrique de. História de Administração Pública em Portugal nos séculos XII à XV, 11 vols. Lisbon, 1945-51. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos. Lisbon, 1962.■ Gonzaga de Azevedo, Luís. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1939-44.■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.■ Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Anda-lus. London: Longman, 1996.■ Lencastre e Tavora, Luía Gonzaga. O Estudo da Sigilografia Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. 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Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.■ ———. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. 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Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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18 Menschenskind
* * *Mẹn|schens|kindinterjgood heavens, heavens above* * *Men·schens·kind[ˈmɛnʃn̩skɪnt]interj (fam)1. (Herr des Himmels!) good heavens, heavens above, good grief* * *Menschenskind! — (salopp) (erstaunt) good heavens; good grief; (vorwurfsvoll) for heaven's sake
* * *Menschenskind (Menschenskinder) int erstaunt: goodness!, good heavens!; vorwurfsvoll: for goodness’ sake!* * *Menschenskind! — (salopp) (erstaunt) good heavens; good grief; (vorwurfsvoll) for heaven's sake
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19 Menschenskind
См. также в других словарях:
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